Impact of e-service quality on e-loyalty of online banking customers in Pakistan during the Covid-19 pandemic: mediating role of e-satisfaction

This study explores the mediating role of e-satisfaction during the pandemic on the relationship between e-service quality and e-loyalty of banking customers in Pakistan. The data were collected from 442 customers of online banking services in Pakistan during the Covid-19 pandemic, following a survey-based study. Baron and Kenny (J Personal Soc Psychol, 51(6):1173, 1986) and Preacher and Hayes (Behav Res Methods, 40(3):879-891, 2008) mediation technique which utilizes the bootstrapping method has been used to explore mediation. The findings show that e-service quality has a significant positive effect on the e-loyalty of the customers of online banking services. Relationships between e-service quality and e-loyalty of online banking customers in Pakistan are significantly and fully mediated by their online satisfaction in unusual situations. This study would help the bankers to implement more effective marketing strategies to retain their customers and attract potential customers, particularly during non-normal situations like the Covid-19 pandemic. It will help them identify the areas of e-services that need improvement to enhance the satisfaction and loyalty of the customers. The bootstrap method for mediation along with Baron and Kenny (J Personal Soc Psychol, 51(6):1173, 1986) leads to using a more sophisticated methodological technique to explore the mediation. The Oliver Expectancy-Disconfirmation Paradigm (EDP) in electronic banking setup during non-normal situations like the Covid-19 pandemic also served as a unique contribution to this study. Application of Baron and Kenny (J Personal Soc Psychol, 51(6):1173, 1986) mediation along with Preacher and Hayes (Behav Res Methods, 40(3):879-891, 2008) leads to more robust findings for the study in non-normal situations like the Covid-19 pandemic. The study findings add scientific value as they are applicable to the banking sector in particular in non-normal situations like the Covid-19 pandemic and the overall service sector in general. Further, as two different methods of mediation have been employed and this makes the study more rigorous and scientific.

Investigating Awareness and Usage of Electronic Information Resources by the Engineering Students of NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Mumbai

During Covid-19 restrictions, electronic information resources have become a prominent source in the library. Most of the university academic activities heavily depend on electronic resources because they are easy to share, refer and communicate to the audience. This study investigates the awareness and usage of electronic information resources subscribed to by the university library. The well-designed online questionnaire helps to collect data from Undergraduate, Postgraduate, and Integrated engineering programs. A total of 232 filled questionnaires were received for the study. The data analysis shows that 91.38 % of the respondents know that electronic resources are available in the library, and the internet speed (56.90 %) is a significant hindrance in using resources. The detailed analysis of this study was discussed, and suggestions were also given to improve the awareness and usage of electronic information resources.

Exploring the topic structure and evolutionary trends of health informatics research in library and information science

PurposeThis study aims to reveal the topic structure and evolutionary trends of health informatics research in library and information science.Design/methodology/approachUsing publications in Web of Science core collection, this study combines informetrics and content analysis to reveal the topic structure and evolutionary trends of health informatics research in library and information science. The analyses are conducted by Pajek, VOSviewer and Gephi.FindingsThe health informatics research in library and information science can be divided into five subcommunities: health information needs and seeking behavior, application of bibliometrics in medicine, health information literacy, health information in social media and electronic health records. Research on health information literacy and health information in social media is the core of research. Most topics had a clear and continuous evolutionary venation. In the future, health information literacy and health information in social media will tend to be the mainstream. There is room for systematic development of research on health information needs and seeking behavior.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to analyze the topic structure and evolutionary trends of health informatics research based on the perspective of library and information science. This study helps identify the concerns and contributions of library and information science to health informatics research and provides compelling evidence for researchers to understand the current state of research.

Physical to virtual: challenges and opportunities for a neighbourhood-based employment support initiative

PurposeThis paper aims to explore challenges and opportunities of shifting from physical to virtual employment support delivery prompted by the Covid-19 pandemic. It investigates associated changes in the nature and balance of support and implications for beneficiary engagement with programmes and job search.Design/methodology/approachThe study draws on longitudinal interviews conducted with beneficiaries and delivery providers from a neighbourhood-based employment support initiative in an English region with a strong manufacturing heritage between 2019 and 2021. The initiative established prior to the Covid-19 pandemic involved a strong physical presence locally but switched to virtual delivery during Covid-19 lockdowns.FindingsMoving long-term to an entirely virtual model would likely benefit some beneficiaries closer to or already in employment. Conversely, others, particularly lone parents, those further from employment, some older people and those without computer/Internet access and/or digital skills are likely to struggle to navigate virtual systems. The study emphasises the importance of blending the benefits of virtual delivery with aspects of place-based physical support.Originality/valuePrevious studies of neighbourhood-based employment policies indicate the benefits of localised face-to-face support for transforming communities. These were conducted prior to the Covid-19 pandemic and the more widespread growth of virtual employment support. This study fills a gap regarding understanding the challenges and opportunities for different groups of beneficiaries when opportunities for physical encounters decline abruptly and support moves virtually.

Global Atmospheric Composition Needs from Future Ultraviolet–Visible–Near-Infrared (UV–Vis–NIR) NOAA Satellite Instruments

Presentations spanned a range of applications: the public health impacts of poor air quality and environmental justice;greenhouse gas measuring, monitoring, reporting, and verification (GHG MMRV);stratospheric ozone monitoring;and various applications of satellite observations to improve models, including data assimilation in global Earth system models. The combination of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and NO2 retrievals can improve confidence in emissions inventories and model performance, and together these data products would be of use in future air quality management tools. The ability to retrieve additional trace gases (e.g., ethane, isoprene, and ammonia) in the thermal IR along with those measured in the UV–Vis–NIR region would be extremely useful for air quality applications, including source apportionment analysis (e.g., for oil/natural gas extraction, biogenic, and agricultural sources). Ground-level ozone is one of six criteria pollutants for which the EPA sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect against human health and welfare effects.

Desperate Times Call for Desperate Measures: A Comparative Analysis of Services between Traditional and Distance Libraries in COVID-19 Era

The Library and Information Center (LIC) of Patras' University and the Hellenic Open University Distance Library and Information Center constitute two academic libraries that serve two different academic institutions types. By the time of the first phase of the outbreak (spring 2019) they attempted to respond multidimensionally to the emerging needs, aspiring tο a seamless provision of services. Currents' research primary objective is to record and compare their actions identifying any differences in their crisis management behavior. The study offers an overview of services offered by libraries that have limited resources and presents their attempt to remain effective under any circumstances. © 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Covid-19 Sonrası Kalıcı Konutlara Dönüşen Íkincil (Yazlık) Konutların Mekân Organizasyonundaki Değişimi

Bu makalede ikincil (yazlık) konutların, Covid-19 sonrası sürekli yaşanan konutlara dönüşmesi sonucu geçirdikleri mekânsal değişimlerin, konutların mekân organizasyonu üzerindeki etkilerini tespit etmek ve ikincil konut literatürüne katkıda bulunmak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada kullanıcıların, konutlarında kendi ihtiyaçlarına yönelik mekânsal değişimler yapabilmesinin, esnek mekân çözümlerine olanak sağlayan planlama ile gerçekleşeceği vurgulanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda makale kapsamında, dönüşüm geçiren yazlık konut örnekleri seçilmiş, konut sahipleri ile ankete dayalı ampirik soruşturma gerçekleştirilerek öncelikle kullanıcı görüşlerine ve ifadelerine yer verilmiştir. SPSS istatiksel programında kullanılan "Chi Square” testiyle anket analizi, "Space Syntax” (mekânsal dizim) yöntemi ile de konutların mekân analizleri yapılmıştır. Makalenin sonuç bölümünde tüm bulgular, sosyal ve ekonomik bileşenler bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçları şunları vurgulamaktadır: Covid-19 pandemisinden sonra, özellikle de aktif iş hayatı sona ermiş ve emekli olmuş yazlık konut sahipleri, kent merkezlerindeki konutlarını terk ederek, daha güvenli buldukları ve merkezden uzak yerleşimlerde yer alan konutlarına yerleşmişlerdir. Çoğu iş sektörünün, uzaktan çalışabilme imkanının olması, eğitimde online sürece geçiş, kalıcı konuta dönüşen yazlık konut sayısını artırmıştır. Yazlık konutların kullanım süresinin ve amacının değişmesi, kullanıcı ihtiyacının da değişmesine neden olmuştur. Konutları ihtiyaçlarına yetersiz gelen kullanıcılar, kendi buldukları çözümler ile konutun yeni kimliğine adaptasyonunu sağlamışlardır. Dönüşüm sonrasında konutun mekân organizasyonu değişmiştir. Yazlık konutların tüm yıl içinde yaşanan konutlara dönüşmesinin kullanıcının yaşı, mesleği, ekonomik durumu ile ilişkisi bulunmuştur. Konutun, değişen yaşam koşullarına adaptasyonunun sağlanması, esnek mekân çözümlerinin hâkim olduğu tasarımların yapılması hem kullanıcı memnuniyeti açısından hem de içinde bulunduğumuz Covid-19 pandemisinde mekân üretimi açısından önemli ve gereklidir.Alternate abstract:The Covid-19 pandemic, which has influenced the whole world, has caused business areas to switch to the remote working model and the education to turn into distance education. Summer home owners and retirees with the opportunity to work from home have left their crowded city centers and residences and settled permanently in their summer residences in coastal areas. The summer houses, which have been transformed into permanent residences, have been insufficient for the spatial needs of the user and have not been able to meet their expectations from the residence. House owners have made spatial changes in line with their preferences in order to find a solution to this problem. The present article aims to seek an answer to the question of how the spatial changes they have undergone after the transformation of the summer cottages into permanent residences have changed the spatial organization of the residence. In this way, it is aimed to contribute to the secondary (summer) housing literature by evaluating the changing spatial organization of summer houses in the context of social and economic components. Other questions of the study that remain unanswered are: Is the conversion related to the demographic information of the user? In addition, what should be the design principles that the architect should observe in future summer house designs? In order to find answers to all these questions;First of all, during the field study, a survey was conducted with the users and their personal opinions were reported in face-to-face interviews. The survey results were evaluated with the SPSS statistical analysis program. Spatial analyzes of the changed spaces were carried out with the Space Syntax method. The study area is the Güzelyalı a d Dardanos towns of Çanakkale, which are the cities with the highest number of summer residences, living in big city centers after the Covid-19 pandemic, thanks to the transportation facilitated by the implementation of the 1915 Çanakkale Bridge. The most crowded sites in the towns in winter were learned from local administrations and real estate consultants, and a survey was conducted with 147 homeowners in 3 sites. When the results are evaluated, it has been determined that 76 residences have been converted into permanent residences. The biggest reason for the transformation in the residences, which are mostly retirees between the ages of 56-60 as homeowners, has been the Covid-19 pandemic. As a change in their residences, the users used it as a warehouse by covering the bottom of the stairs at the highest rate, and they turned their balconies on the ground and normal floors into closed spaces. As a result of the statistical analyzes, the fact that the users whose residences have been transformed are mostly retired homeowners over the age of 56, has shown that there is a relationship between the age and occupation of the user and the transformation. Turning it into a warehouse by closing the bottom of the stairs among the spatial changes in the houses resulted from the inadequacy of the usage area of the house and especially the kitchen. Likewise, balconies, kitchens and rooms were closed because they were insufficient. In the syntactic analysis, increases or decreases were observed in depth, connectivity and integration values according to the spatial changes made in the plan scheme of each house. In the evaluation of the findings, what these numerical changes mean for the user is evaluated. After the Covid-19 pandemic, the interventions made by the user in order to adapt her summer residence to a permanent residence were solutions that met her needs, but negatively affected the facade and zoning order and caused additional costs. In addition, as a result of these unconscious interventions by each user, houses with architectural characters that are incompatible with each other and their surroundings have emerged. When evaluated holistically, housing silhouettes were encountered that distorted the texture. In order for the residence to respond to the changing user needs depending on the living conditions, the spaces must be planned in a way that allows transformation during the design phase. This study, which is specific to the transformation of summer houses used only in the summer season of the year, into permanent residences, has shown the importance of flexible space solutions in planning. The fact that the spaces are designed in a flexible way, that they can grow, shrink, divide, open and close, is a situation that increases the comfort and satisfaction of the user in her residence. The characteristic and unique architectural formation and spatial organization of the summer residence can be preserved by planning with a flexible space understanding. On the other hand, by increasing the social communication between the residence and the user and the interaction of the user with the space, architectural sustainability is ensured in economic terms.

Guest editorial: Advancing integrated care with digital health innovation issue editorial: Managing Community Care

The proposed framework, being applied in Finland, acts as a set of standards to format data to allow it to move from one place to another (known as the “middle layer” in interoperable systems) bringing together different data elements to support a Virtual Care Operator model – an “information-focused approach to integration, coordination and continuity of care.” Domains in this model focus on technology, team organization, program support, integration of information systems, performance and quality, with maturity assessed on how well the model is enabling integration of service delivery around coordination of activities and other key issues like equity. Aird and colleagues present an implementation focused evaluation, using a multi-method approach to explore the roles and use of a new system of information exchange between one hospital and one long-term care home in Canada. Stamenova et al. evaluate a virtual visit program put in place to provide access to care during the COVID-19 pandemic using a convergent mixed-methods design which draws on usage data, surveys and interviews with patients and provider users of virtual care systems across different units within a hospital.

User Experience of Universal School-Based e-Mental Health Solutions: Exploring the Expectations and Desires of Adolescent Users

Due to lack of in-person social interactions and stressful conditions resulting from schools’ closures, major lockdowns, and other restrictions imposed for preventing the further spread of COVID-19, there has been a great concern regarding adolescents’ mental well-being and their access to mental health resources. Now, e-mental health resources that schools can develop and offer to all their students could play a much more important role: as a valuable, accessible, and affordable means for educating and empowering adolescents to maintain a balanced mental and emotional well-being. In this paper, we aim to explore the expectations and desires of adolescent students from the user experience of universally delivered school-based e-mental health solutions. Through conducting qualitative exploratory interviews with adolescent students and performing contextual analysis, we have identified the core needs, expectations and desires that were shared between high school students pertaining to e-mental health resources. By reporting our findings via diagrams and tables, we offer HCI/UX designers and developers a means to help them create a better strategy for their universal e-mental health solutions and put a more focused effort into addressing the core needs, expectations, and desires of adolescent students from said solutions: first, by providing them the solutions’ must-haves (the identified user expectations from the UX of e-mental health solutions), and then, by targeting to include the solutions’ nice-to-haves (the identified factors that can make the experience of e-mental health solutions more desirable for the students). © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Collection of End User Requirements and Use Cases during a Pandemic—Towards a Framework for Applied Research Projects

Research projects in the security domain often aim to develop innovative technology-based solutions for end users (e.g., situational awareness tools, crisis management tools). The pandemic crisis hit hard and without warning, not only influencing our everyday life but also the scientific community. To continue applied research projects during a pandemic, work structures needed to be adapted (e.g., user requirements collection, use case development), as face-to-face events were impossible but crucial to collect high quality requirements with a variety of different stakeholders. To ensure continued multi-stakeholder engagement we developed an overarching framework for collecting user requirements and use cases in an online setting and applied the framework within two research projects. The framework consists of four steps with the aim to assure high quality user requirements and use case collection (first analysis, stakeholder consultation, evaluation and prioritization, technical evaluation). The two projects presented in this paper provide insight on the potential of the framework. The framework offers a structured approach that fits for many different security research projects in terms of the easy application and its transferability. The main advantages (e.g., easily adaptable, reduced workshop time, no need to travel, suitability for different contexts and project types, etc.) and drawbacks (e.g., organization of online events, feedback collection time, etc.) of the framework are presented and discussed in this paper to offer increased stakeholder engagement. Empirical testing of the framework is proposed.

Ownership, Use of, and Interest in Digital Mental Health Technologies Among Clinicians and Young People Across a Spectrum of Clinical Care Needs: Cross-sectional Survey

Background: There is currently an increased interest in and acceptance of technology-enabled mental health care. To adequately harness this opportunity, it is critical that the design and development of digital mental health technologies be informed by the needs and preferences of end users. Despite young people and clinicians being the predominant users of such technologies, few studies have examined their perspectives on different digital mental health technologies. Objective: This study aims to understand the technologies that young people have access to and use in their everyday lives and what applications of these technologies they are interested in to support their mental health. The study also explores the technologies that youth mental health clinicians currently use within their practice and what applications of these technologies they are interested in to support their clients’ mental health. Methods: Youth mental health service users (aged 12-25 years) from both primary and specialist services, young people from the general population (aged 16-25 years), and youth mental health clinicians completed a web-based survey exploring technology ownership, use of, and interest levels in using different digital interventions to support their mental health or that of their clients. Results: A total of 588 young people and 73 youth mental health clinicians completed the survey. Smartphone ownership or private access among young people within mental health services and the general population was universal (611/617, 99%), with high levels of access to computers and social media. Youth technology use was frequent, with 63.3% (387/611) using smartphones several times an hour. Clinicians reported using smartphones (61/76, 80%) and video chat (69/76, 91%) commonly in clinical practice and found them to be helpful. Approximately 50% (296/609) of the young people used mental health apps, which was significantly less than the clinicians (χ23=28.8, n=670;P<.001). Similarly, clinicians were significantly more interested in using technology for mental health support than young people (H3=55.90;P<.001), with 100% (73/73) of clinicians being at least slightly interested in technology to support mental health compared with 88% (520/591) of young people. Follow-up tests revealed no difference in interest between young people from the general population, primary mental health services, and specialist mental health services (all P>.23). Young people were most interested in web-based self-help, mobile self-help, and blended therapy. Conclusions: Technology access is pervasive among young people within and outside of youth mental health services;clinicians are already using technology to support clinical care, and there is widespread interest in digital mental health technologies among these groups of end users. These findings provide important insights into the perspectives of young people and clinicians regarding the value of digital mental health interventions in supporting youth mental health.

Finding Value in a Crisis How Open Data in Government Came to a Timely Rescue

Leaders provided datasets, performance measures, and several open finance application areas, such as economic development, human services, public works and governance. The charts illustrated the difficulty in spending $158 million in such a short period of time, as shown in Figure 2. Because leaders across departments could see the low spending slope line in the visualization, they quickly realized they would need to ramp up efforts to get the money out the door into the community. Pierce County established several external open data goals to provide transparency and accountability to citizens: * Show citizens what their government is doing. * Provide greater access to data. * Make displays of financial data easy to understand. * Improve outcomes for the constituency served. Pierce County's key takeaways for the success of the platform include: * Ability to see data quickly and at a high level for decision-making. * Visualizations of connections between financial data and services, as shown in Figure 4 on page 16. * Automation, especially where financial data is extracted automatically from sources. * Centralized staff resources to manage data updates and the reporting process. * Cloud-based software with quick self-service capabilities.

From Work to User-Centered Design of Workplace Environments;a Rapid Literature Review

Workplaces in all their forms and shapes are being challenged drastically by the over yearlong Covid19 pandemic. Traditional work environments, as we know it, are being transformed with a heightened dependency on Information Communication Technology (ICT) systems to support remote virtual working. Organizations and employees are realizing new abilities and ways of incorporating the existing, but previously not yet fully adopted, ICT capabilities to perform work-related tasks efficiently, with contribution to a better work life balance being noted. In this context, this research aims first to explore the current debates around the shift happening in workplace. This task consisted of a rapid review to provide timely information through a synthesis of existing knowledge and current debates. The results focused on how work models have been disrupted by the pandemic, then look into work challenges during and post pandemic in work environments and finally explored the shift in how and why work spaces are being perceived and why. Findings suggest a major paradigm shift in workplace environments and the need for new thinking approaches to flexible work models and work environments in the future. It particularly highlights the fact that users miss socializing and face-to-face interactions;however, they expressed health concerns about going to previous physical work settings, indicating their need for working in ways outside these collocated settings. The discussion identified the opportunities for providing better work environments for employees and the future role of the workplace, along with the new needs from work places. This review paper opens venues for future studies investigating spatial design models for workplaces that are centered on needs, as well as integrated building technology systems to provide efficient, healthy and sustainable and resilient workplaces. © 2021 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Exploring Citizens' Motives influencing the satisfaction with and adoption of E-Government Services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Governments worldwide invest hugely in e-Government (eGOV) services implementation to better serve their citizens. However, the eGOV services' adoption level still low in developing countries, which explains the need for understanding the motives underlying to the satisfaction with and the adoption of such services. This article explores the motives citizens would adopt eGOV services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Data was collected through 34 semi-structured individual interviews. After an examination of the citizens' overall evaluation of eGOV services, a thematic analysis method was used to investigate the critical factors underlying eGOV success, their impacts on users' satisfaction and eGOV adoption. Findings showed that eGOV success hinges on the users' characteristics and their perception of the eGOV portals' features. Moreover, results revealed that 11 factors influence citizens' satisfaction and eGOV adoption success. The factors classified at the top five by the interviewees are (1) the service relevance to the users' needs and it personalization, (2) the ease of use of portals, (3) the security, privacy as well as the service quality levels, (4) the information quality offered, and (5) the accessibility. The other factors cited by respondents are associated to the design technology, the interactivity, and the transparency. In light of the outcomes, advices to support eGOV adoption were formulated. Since results demonstrated that user needs and characteristics are at the core success of an eGOV service, governments in developing countries in general, and the Saudi government, in particular, should adapt their e-services' content and technology to users, as well as implement an efficient communication strategy on efforts deployed in eGOV services to enhance citizens trust. This paper suggested that future investigations should cross citizens and professionals in charge of eGOV services viewpoints for developing a more comprehensive framework supporting eGOV services adoption.

A Study on Temporal Effects of Different Types of Mobile Application Updates

The sustainability of market performance of mobile applications (apps) updates is a vital goal for e-commerce firms to continuously innovate for products and functions. E-commerce firms must formulate effective app update strategies and tackle the temporal uncertainties associated with different types of app updates. However, the existing literature on app updates mainly focuses on the effects of update frequency. At the same time, scant attention has been paid to clarifying the temporal effects of different types of app updates. Accordingly, based on the framework of exploration vs. exploitation, we investigate the temporal effects of different kinds of app updates on market performance in the hypercompetitive context of online travel mobile applications. We collected data on release notes and downloads of seven Chinese online travel apps available from the Android Market from April 2013 to January 2015;conducted structured content analysis to identify different types of app updates;and adopted the feasible generalized least-squares (FGLS) estimation to test our model. We found that exploitative app updates have an instant and continuous positive impact on market performance, while explorative app updates have no significant effect in the short term but will have a positive effect on market performance in the long term. Moreover, competition intensity shortens the duration of the positive effect of exploitative app updates and delays the time that explorative app updates have to take effect. By studying the different impacts that two types of app updates have on market performance from a time dimension, this study helps resolve the mixed findings on the effects of app updates and guides e-commerce firms on how to effectively formulate app update strategies in a hypercompetitive context.

BEHAVIORAL PATTERN OF INFORMATION SEEKING USERS OF NATIONAL LIBRARY, KOLKATA

A library is an open system which in turn belongs to a subsystem of the education system, whose functions are dependent on the community concerned. The National Library plays a vital role in creating human resources and their development in our country. It is a life-long process in the appreciation of the achievement of humanity in knowledge and culture. It also helps in the replenishment of people's spirit by providing books for relaxation and pleasure, with assistance to the students. It performs a significant task in a developing country like India. The progress of a nation mainly depends on education, which provides to its citizens either through formal or non-formal means. In present study the behavioural pattern like their frequency of visit and dependence on the public library has been discussed with special reference to the National Library of India. The paper also explores the information seeking behaviour such as their purpose of visit, materials accessed during their visit to the National Library. The main objective of this study is to examine the services provided by National Library of India to its esteemed users.

Older Adult Segmentation According to Residentially-Based Lifestyles and Analysis of Their Needs for Smart Home Functions.

Globally, the percentage of older people in the general population is growing. Smart homes have the potential to help older adults to live independently and healthy, improving their quality of life, and relieving the pressure on the healthcare and social care systems. For that, we need to understand how older adults live and their needs. Thus, this study aims to analyze the residentially-based lifestyles (RBL) of older adults and segment them to compare and analyze the real needs of smart home functions for each group. To identify a person's RBL, a questionnaire was designed to include questions about activities at home, social events, quality of life, etc. This study surveyed 271 older Koreans. As a result of the survey on RBL, five groups with different characteristics were clustered. Finally, each groups' features and the differences in their needs for smart home functions were compared and analyzed. The priority of needed functions for each group was found to be significantly different. In a total of 26 smart home functions, there were meaningful differences in the needs for 16 functions among the groups. This study presents the results in South Korea, according to older adults' RBL and their smart home needs.